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overview
Key Learning Objectives
- Refresher on LNG properties (composition, vapour density, flammability, tank, pressure, etc)
- Current regulations, rules and codes (SOLAS, IGF, IGC, IMO, STCW, SGMF)
- LNG Bunkering Operations and Procedures for various delivery methods
- Characteristics of various LNG containment systems
- Management of LNG fuel tanks
- Vessel operational preparedness for LNG Bunkering
- Implementation of end-to-end LNG Bunkering
- LNG Custody transfer, calculations and quality & quantity measurement
- Bunkering safety, risk management and emergency response
- SIMOPS procedure during LNG fuel transfer
About the Course
Increasing adoption of LNG as a fuel and steady investment on bunkering infrastructure are driving significant growth in LNG bunkering market, which is poised to double-digit growth in the next decade. Catering to LNG suppliers, shipowners and terminal operators, this masterclass offers a refresher on LNG properties as a fuel, important regulations & codes as well as best practices in bunkering operations.
Recognised by Nautical Institute for Continued Professional Development (CPD), this course enables attendees to better manage LNG containment systems, LNG fuel tanks, understand the various bunker delivery methods, quality & quantity measurement, as well as planning for vessel preparedness and emergency response.
Who Will Benefit
- LNG suppliers – IOCs, NOCs and independent suppliers
- Shipowners, charterers, operators and managers
- LNG traders and distributors
- Shipyards and ship designers
- LNG ports and terminals
- Marine fuel service and surveyors
- LNG technology and equipment vendors
- Ship and gas equipment and service providers
- Conventional bunkering companies looking to diversify
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Agenda
MODULE 1
SESSION 01 – INTRODUCTION FOR THE USE OF LNG AS FUEL
Understand where natural gas comes from & transportation
- Natural gas constituents
- Processing natural gas
- Composition and energy content relationship
- Transporting natural gas by pipe or by ship
- Main exporting and importing countries, NG reserves
Why use LNG as a fuel?
- MARPOL Annex VI why is it needed?
- Background to MARPOL Annex VI
- Overview of Annex VI
- Regulation 13 NOx
- Regulation 14 SOx
- Compliance Options
LNG Fuelled Vessels Facts & Figures
- Vessels Fuelled by LNG
- Small scale LNG infrastructure development
- Environmental emissions comparison
SESSION 02 – LNG PROPERTIES AND GAS LAW REVISION
Composition of natural gas
- Differences in load port compositions
- Effect of different compositions
- Physical properties of the components
Relationship between pressure and temperature
- Saturated vapour pressure
- Relationship of SVP with temperature
- Boiling
- Change of boiling point with temperature
How LNG is kept cold
- Evaporation and boiling in a tank
- Dropping pressure to cool liquid
Natural gas vapour
- Vapour density
- The visible white cloud
- Difference between a vapour and a gas
Flammable range of natural gas
- Flammable mixtures in air
- Flammable range diagram
Managing tank atmospheres
- Inerting to avoid a flammable atmosphere
- Gas freeing to avoid a flammable atmosphere
Other properties of Methane
- Flash point
- Auto ignition temperature
SESSION 03 – HAZARDS OF LNG
Health
- Asphyxiation
- TLV
Low Temperature
- Cold burns and frostbite
- Liquid and vapour effect of ship structures
- Brittle fracture
Pressure
- In tanks
- In pipelines
Flammability
- Flammable range in a vapour cloud
- Ignition of a vapour cloud
- Ignition of a cloud from a vent mast
- Burn back of ignited clouds
- Vapour cloud explosions, detonation and deflagration
- BLEVE
Sloshing in membrane tanks
- In large LNGCs
- In small fuel tanks and bunker vessels
Rollover
- Stratification of layers
- How it may occur
MODULE 2
SESSION 04 – REGULATIONS
Current regulations status
- SOLAS statement on low flashpoint fuels
Rules for bunker vessels
- The IGC code
Rules for vessels using LNG as a marine fuel
- The IGF code
- Evolution of the IGF code
- IMO interim guidelines for LNG as a fuel
- Crew training requirements
- Proposed amendments to STCW
- National regulations for inland waterways
- Additional guidance – SGMF
SESSION 05 – LNG CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
Tank types approved by the IGC code
- Independent tanks, A,B,C and Membrane tanks
Type A tanks
- Description of tank type
- Main characteristics
Type B tanks
- Description of tank type
- Main characteristics
Type C tanks
- Description of tank type
- Main characteristics
Membrane tanks
- Membranes generally
- NO96 description
- MkIII description
- MkV description
Options for bunker vessels
- Examples of small scale LNGCs with type C & membrane
- Comparison of size and weight differences
Tank location requirements
- Requirement for greater volume
- Draft IGF code requirements
- Examples of membrane and type C tank usage
- Inland barge Eiger example use of type C
SESSION 06 – BUNKER DELIVERY METHODS
Methods of bunker delivery
- Pipe, truck or barge to ship
- container swap out
Bunker station and hose requirements
- Draft IGF requirements
- Dry disconnect couplings
- Emergency release system
- Emergency shutdown
Management of pressure during the bunker transfer
- Factors to consider
- Pressure and temperature relationship
- Typical tank pressure settings
- Membrane to membrane transfer
- Type C to membrane transfer
- Membrane to type C transfer
- Type C to type C transfer
- Keeping cargo cold in a bunker vessel
MODULE 3
SESSION 07 – BUNKERING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Organisation
- Master
- Person in charge
Communications
- Receiving vessel and bunker supplier
- Verbal & non verbal communications
Hazardous areas
- Definition of the hazardous area
- Electrical equipment in hazardous areas
Safety and security zones
- Definition of safety and security zone
Cryogenic protection
Controlling sources of ignition
- Potential sources of ignition
- Static electricity
- Galvanic currents
PPE
- Protective clothing
- Resuscitators and BA
SESSION 08 – THE BUNKERING OPERATION – PROCESS
Before bunkering
- Compatibility
- Safety
- Checklists
- Weather
- Lighting
- Authorisations/Notifications
- Maximum filling level
Hose connection
- Connection
- Purging
- Leak testing
During bunkering
- Supervision
- Starting
- Bulk transfer
- Topping off
- Filling Limits
- Vapour management
After bunkering
- Post transfer checklist
- Draining and purging of hoses
- Disconnection of hoses
SESSION 09 – TYPES OF GAS FUELLED ENGINES
Propulsion systems using gas fuelled engines
- Electrical and mechanical systems
- Fuel gas delivery pressures
Basic principles of gas fuelled engines
- Pure gas engines
- 4 Stroke duel fuel engines
- 2 stroke dual fuel engine HP and LP gas injection
Knocking and methane number
- Cause of knocking
- Problems caused by knocking
- Methane number and relationship to knocking
MODULE 4
SESSION 10 – MANAGEMENT OF LNG FUEL TANKS
Gas fuel management and delivery systems
- Requirements of stored fuel systems
- Main components in delivery system
- Example of Wartsila LNGPac for LP delivery
- Example of HP gas delivery system
High fuel demand
- Delivery of BOG gas to engines
- Generation of additional gas
Low fuel demand
- Delivery of BOG gas to engines
- Dealing with excess BOG
Bringing a tank into service
- Inerting
- Gassing up
- Cooling down
Taking a tank out of service
- Removal of liquid
- Warming up
- Inerting
- Aerating
SESSION 11 – QUANTITY AND QUALITY MEASUREMENT
Understand the requirement to measure quantity and quality
- Recognise that LNG traded on energy content which varies with evaporation
- Discuss the variability of LNG composition around the world
- Understand the need to pay for what is received and the taxes due
- State the requirement to know the Methane Number for engine performance
Quantity measurement
- List the measurement options
- Describe a Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
- Describe an Ultrasonic Flowmeter
- Describe the way in which density is determined
Quality measurement
- Recognise the issues associated with taking a sample of LNG liquid
- Describe the way in which samples may be taken
- Discuss the use of gas chromatography in determining composition of samples
Legal Metrology
- Explain the meaning of legal metrology
- State the difference between OIML and MID
- Have an understanding of the requirements under MID
SESSION 12 – EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Leaks
- Detection
- Response
- Protection from low temperatures
- Use of water spray to deflect gas clouds
Venting
- Location of vent mast
- Vapour cloud dispersion
- Lightning strike
Fighting Gas Fires
- Fire-fighting equipment
- Techniques for fighting gas fires
- Use of dry powder
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